[Functional phimosis: prevalence, diagnosis and treatment in outpatient practice].

AIM: To study the prevalence of functional phimosis determined during erection in patients over 18 years of age, as well as the features of its diagnosis and treatment in outpatient practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study that included 201 patients who underwent circumcision at a mean age of 42.7 years, was carried out. Complaints, history, initial examination and autophotography of the penis during erection were evaluated. The subjects were divided into 2 groups. The group I (n=38) included patients complaining of the inability to reveal the glans penis during erection, while in group II (n=163) men with similar complaints in a f laccid state of the penis were included. All patients underwent circumcision under local anesthesia. RESULTS: The proportion of functional phimosis was 18.9%. The mean age in groups I and II was significantly different (29.47+/-8.82 and 45.6+/-19.4 years, respectively, p<0.01). In 14 (36.8%) patients of group I, a short frenulum was also diagnosed. Primary phimosis was detected in 26.3% and 14.1% of patients in groups I and II (p<0.05), respectively. The acquired phimosis was diagnosed in 73.7% and 85.9% (p<0.05) of cases, respectively. There were no concomitant diseases in patients with "functional" phimosis, while in men with "pathological" phimosis, 22.7% of patients had various comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, hypertension, etc. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients who visit a urologist with a diagnosis of phimosis, almost every fifth man has functional form (18.9%). For the diagnosis of the phimosis, the history taking and autophotography of the penis during erection have an important role. In this category of patients, surgical treatment can be performed on an outpatient basis.

[Acute kidney injury in COVID-19: clinical and morphological comparisons based on autopsy data].

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly throughout the world, causing high morbidity and mortality. Analysis of clinical and autopsy data may allow to understand this disease. The results of pulmonary and renal autopsies in 37 deceased patients from COVID-19 are presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An autopsy was performed in Moscow in 37 deceased patients aged from 28 to 94 years. The microscopic features of the lungs and kidneys were examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS: Important findings include diffuse alveolar injury, pulmonary thrombosis and microangiopathy, as well as acute kidney injury in all cases, varying in severity. CONCLUSIONS: We report the presence of acute kidney injury in all cases, which requires correction of renal function in patients with SARS-CoV-2, with control of serum creatinine levels, urine volume, proteinuria and hematuria.

[Immune response to lower urinary tract infections].

Urinary tract infections are one of the most common and widespread infectious diseases. A certain role in etiopathogenesis may play genetic predisposition, as well as a decrease in antiadhesive properties and an increase in urothelium permeability due to incompetence of bladder glycosaminoglycan layer. The prevalence of infectious diseases increases significantly with age, as well as in patients with chronic diseases. The introduction of modern biotechnology has allowed clinicians to greatly expand therapeutic armamentarium, while having a number of advantages, including minimal frequency of complications and adverse events, the possibility for long-term use, accessibility, and etc. Priority research areas include the study of toll-like receptors, which are transmembrane proteins that provide pathogen recognition and activate the immune response. The role of these receptors in the development of the immune response to urinary tract infections was evaluated in our study, which allows to predict the course of the disease and to increase treatment efficiency.

[Moscow program of early detection and treatment of prostate cancer].

The aim of this study is to improve the results of detection and treatment of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) in the Moscow. For this purpose, we performed our own clinical diagnostic, epidemiological, autopsy, experimental and comparative studies that emphasize the relevance of the stated subject in the study of the diagnosis and treatment of patients with PCa. Urology Department of A. I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry was at the forefront of the Men's Health program in Moscow and in early 2003 it was the first to have an office for early diagnosis of prostate diseases, as part of the Program. Over 20,000 patients were screened for PCa. For the first time in Russia, methods for the early detection of PCa were investigated on a cohort of Russian men using PCA3 and the Prostate Health Index. The role and significance of prostate saturation biopsy was examined. The investigation of aspects of the morphological assessment of prostate diseases formed the basis for the development of an electronic atlas of PCa images. A series of studies on various prostate visualization methods, including Histoscanning system and MRI, have been performed. A new minimally invasive method for the treatment of prostate cancer has been introduced - a robot-assisted radical prostatectomy and cryoablation. The concept of surgical treatment of localized forms of PCa has been developed and the factors predicting the success of treatment have been determined. This study is reflected in numerous publications both in Russia and abroad, in monographs and dissertations.

Data on somatic mutations obtained by whole exome sequencing of FFPE tissue samples from Russian patients with prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed among men malignant disease that remains poorly characterized at the molecular level. Advanced PCa is not curable, and the current treatment methods can only increase the life expectancy by several months. Identification of the genetic aberrations in tumor cells provides clues to understanding the mechanisms of PCa pathogenesis and the basis for developing new therapeutic approaches. Here we present data on somatic mutations, namely single nucleotide variations (SNVs), small insertions and deletions, detected in prostate tumor tissue obtained from Russian patients with PCa. Moreover, we provide a raw dataset on the whole exome and targeted DNA sequencing of tumor and non-tumor prostate tissue obtained from Russian patients with PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This data is available at NCBI Sequence Read Archive under Accession No. PRJNA506922.

[Prospects of using bacteriophages in urological practice].

In modern clinical practice, antimicrobial resistance creates a significant problem for the effective metaphylaxis of various infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary system. Annually, researchers note an increasing number of mutations in the genomes of bacteria that cause infectious diseases, which leads to the appearance of more aggressive strains. The inefficiency of antibiotic therapy requires to a search for alternative methods for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. use of viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophages) represent one of such methods. A literature review of recent publications indicates that phage therapy has been gained significant increase. The general aspects of phage therapy, mechanism of action, as well as the existing possibilities and limitations of phage therapy in treatment and prevention of infectious diseases of the urinary system are highlighted in this article.

Datasets for next-generation sequencing of DNA and RNA from urine and plasma of patients with prostate cancer.

Current prostate cancer (PCa) diagnostic tests suffer from insufficient sensitivity and specificity. Novel biomarkers that can be detected by minimally invasive methods are of a particular value. Here we provide two datasets. The first one is on the whole transcriptome profiling by RNA-seq of urine and plasma obtained from patients with PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The second one represents targeted sequencing of DNA from urine and plasma of patients with PCa and BPH. Both datasets are available at NCBI Sequence Read Archive under Accession No. SRP093707 and No. SRP093842 respectively.

[GSTP1, APC and RASSF1 gene methylation in prostate cancer samples: comparative analysis of MS-HRM method and Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip beadchiparray diagnostic value]. / Status metilirovaniia genov GSTP1, APC i RASSF1 v obraztsakh raka predstatel'noi zhelezy cheloveka: sravnitel'nyi analiz diagnosticheskoi informativnosti metodov MS-HRM i gibridizatsii na DNK-chipakh illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip.

There is a clear need in molecular markers for prostate cancer (PC) risk stratification. Alteration of DNA methylation is one of processes that occur during ÐÑ progression. Methylation-sensitive PCR with high resolution melting curve analysis (MS-HRM) can be used for gene methylation analysis in routine laboratory practice. This method requires very small amounts of DNA for analysis. Numerous results have been accumulated on DNA methylation in PC samples analyzed by the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (HM450). However, the consistency of MS-HRM results with chip hybridization results has not been examined yet. The aim of this study was to assess the consistency of results of GSTP1, APC and RASSF1 gene methylation analysis in ÐÑ biopsy samples obtained by MS-HRM and chip hybridization. The methylation levels of each gene determined by MS-HRM were statistically different in the group of PC tissue samples and the samples without signs of tumor growth. Chip hybridization data analysis confirmed the results obtained with the MS-HRM. Differences in methylation levels between tumor tissue and histologically intact tissue of each sample determined by MS-HRM and chip hybridization, were consistent with each other. Thus, we showed that the assessment of GSTP1, APC and RASSF1 gene methylation analysis using MS-HRM is suitable for the design of laboratory assays that will differentiate the PC tissue from the tissue without signs of tumor growth.

[Possibilities of automated image analysis in pathology].

Pathology is one of the most dynamically developed medical specialties. The wide spread of whole-slide imaging systems has leaded to the development of microscopic image analysis software. This review shows the possibilities of these programs and their role in the routine work of a pathologist.

[Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in prostate cancer using the technology of Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (HM450)].

Using the technology of DNA chips Infinium HumanMethylation 450 BeadChip it was analyzed quantitative DNA methylation status in 12 paired samples of prostate adenocarcinoma, and morphologically altered tissues. Analysis of differentially methylated regions of the genome showed an association with abnormal status for 21610 and 3852 hypomethylated hyper-methylated CpG sites. Dominance in the cancer genome hypermethylated sites and their predominant localization in the regulatory regions of genes indicate their possible role in the implementation of mechanisms of gene suppression in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa). For 14 genes studied were characterized array maximum values hypermethylation in promoter region (> 50% CpG sites) in combination with a high level of methylation differences between treatment groups (> 40%). Role of hypermethylation in some of them: AOX1, KLF8, ZNF154, TMEM106A in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer has been showed previously. Hypermethylation of genes ACSS3, TAC1, TUBA4B, ZSCAN12 not previously been shown for prostate cancer, but is characterized by the association with other cancers. In turn, the differences in the levels of methylation in genes GPRASP1, NKX2-6, ARX, CYBA, EPSTI1, RHCG been documented as a result of a number of genome-research oncology, but has not been studied in detail. To assess the diagnostic potential of epigenetic markers of prostate cancer there was carried out unbiased selection of individual CpG sites most reliably discriminate against tumor samples from a group of no tumor samples. In selected diagnostic model based on logistic regression included 9 CpG sites. Validation of the model was carried out on an independent dataset of methylation of 40 paired samples from the prostate cancer project Atlas of Cancer Genome (TCGA) analyzed on the same version of the DNA chip. Summarized rates of diagnostic informativeness of a model (specificity 95%, sensitivity of 97%, the area under the curve of the diagnostic test (ROC) - 0,96), obtained after validation, allow us to consider these CpG Sites as potential markers for molecular diagnosis of prostate cancer.

[Contemporary markers and histological features of prostate cancer].

Increasing prostate cancer incidence rates highlight the importance of more timely diagnosis with the ultimate aim of reducing cancer-specific mortality, while maintaining patients quality of life. Until recently, digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen have been used for diagnosis of prostate cancer. Recent advances in medical technologies and laboratory testing have led to introducing new cancer markers into clinical practice. The most highly demanded of them are the PCA-3, -2proPSA and Prostate Health Index. Despite the wide range of laboratory tests, a prostate biopsy with a subsequent morphological examination of biopsy tissue specimens remains the only way to definitively diagnose prostate cancer.

[Primary candidate rna biomarker screening by RNA-seq for prostate cancer diagnostics].

The RNA-seq approach for prostate cancer candidate RNA biomarkers screening in plasma and urine obtained by minimally invasive or noninvasive methods is proved to be feasible. Significant amount of RNA biomarkers associated with prostate cancer according to the literature were found in plasma and urine samples obtained from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The number of detected markers was shown to vary in accordance with method of library preparation used for transcriptome profiling. The detection of known RNA biomarkers for prostate cancer in urine and plasma samples shows the feasibility of such method for minimally invasive diagnostics. The fact of presence of the same RNA biomarkers in samples from patients with BPH suggests their possible lack of specificity and confirms the need for further research in this area.

[Simulation-based robot-assisted surgical training].

Since the first use of robotic surgical system in 2000, the robot-assisted technology has gained wide popularity throughout the world. Robot-assisted surgical training is a complex issue that requires significant efforts from students and teacher. During the last two decades, simulation-based training had received active development due to wide-spread occurrence and popularization of laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgical techniques. We performed a systematic review to identify the currently available simulators for robot-assisted surgery. We searched the Medline and Pubmed, English sources of literature data, using the following key words and phrases: "robotics", "robotic surgery", "computer assisted surgery", "simulation", "computer simulation", "virtual reality", "surgical training", and "surgical education". There were identified 565 publications, which meet the key words and phrases; 19 publications were selected for the final analysis. It was established that simulation-based training is the most promising teaching tool that can be used in the training of the next generation robotic surgeons. Today the use of simulators to train surgeons is validated. Price of devices is an obvious barrier for inclusion in the program for training of robotic surgeons, but the lack of this tool will result in a sharp increase in the duration of specialists training.